The current research has dealt concisely with the meanings of the heart, the position and role of the heart in religion, the Qur'an, hadiths, mysticism, philosophy, and literature, including the place of the heart in mysticism and literature. Given the importance of the Hazaragi dialect, one of the most important and oldest dialects in Greater Khorasan, and considering the use of allusions in dialects that are important from linguistic, psychological, and sociological aspects, we have tried to animate the word "heart," which is one of the central words in this dialect. To this end, we examined and analyzed allusions in the Hazaragi dialect. This research employed the descriptive method and a content analysis approach. The findings show that "heart" in the Hazaragi dialect has ironic combinations and expressions of "anthropology," "animalism," and "human/animalism," and among these, humanism of the heart is the most frequent and important. Even in other types of animism, the human trace is very prominent, which shows the imagination of the speakers of this dialect, who believe in soulless phenomena and consider the heart as a human, animal, and living being.

“, Language”, , “, Culture”,and “, Social Actors”,are the key components of identity in contemporary literature. In her authobiographical Queen of Bamyan(2021), Masoomeh Halimi makes the Persian speakers of the world familiar with Hazaragi and Iranian dialects of this language. This study aims at scrutinizing the writer’, s ideological perspective through Van Leeuwen’, s model of discourse analysis and structural analysis of Hazaragi dialect used in Queen of Bamyan. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic using the materials available in libraries. Data analysis is done through eight levels of Van Leeuwen’, s model(2008) and their frequencies are determined by using SPSS and based on the results of Chi-square test. This study seeks to give answer to theses questions: To what extent do the structural components of Hazaragi and Irani dialects of Persian language overlap each other? How is the conformity level of Van Leeuwen’, s eight components of discourse analysis model with thematic content of Halimi’, s Queen of Bamyan? The main hypothesis of this research based on the historical and cultural background of Hazara is that Turkish loanwords constitute the major part of Hazaragi dialect. In language level, there is a meaningful difference in the frequencies of Turkish loanwords and the others. This reveals that Hazaragi dialect is highly rooted in Turkish language. In content level, the findings indicate that Halimi has put more emphasis on the feature of “, Nomination”,since she has represented social actors by generization and specification based on Shia culture of Bamyan. Halimi has made valuable step in preserving Persian language by utilizing hazaragi and Iranian dialects in her novel.

Linguistic analysis and the resolution of lexical complexities are among the most critical elements in interpreting literary texts, particularly in classical Persian literature. A comprehensive understanding of the meanings and proper usage of words within a literary work significantly enhances its overall analysis. This article, based on a thesis examining the vocabulary used in Sanai Ghaznavi’s poetry, explores words and phrases that, despite their relative obscurity in contemporary Standard Persian, are still actively used in the Hazaragi dialect of Afghanistan. This study aims to enhance the understanding of Sanai’s poetry by identifying and interpreting the words and expressions that persist in Hazaragi. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining a literature review with fieldwork to verify the meanings and contemporary usage of these lexical items. The findings reveal that several words present in Sanai’s poetry, although no longer in common use in modern Persian, are still widely understood and utilized in Hazaragi. This research underscores the significance of the Hazaragi dialect not only as a living repository of archaic Persian but also as a crucial tool for accessing and comprehending historical literary works. Furthermore, the study illustrates how certain obscure terms in Sanai’s poetry can be elucidated through their continued use in Hazaragi. Introduction Linguistic analysis is essential for understanding classical Persian texts, particularly the poetry of Sanai Ghaznavi. Many words and phrases used in his poetry have faded from contemporary Standard Persian but are still in use in the Hazaragi dialect spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan. This study examines how these elements persist in Hazaragi and their role in interpreting Sanai’s poetry. Given Ghazni’s historical connection to both Sanai and the Hazaragi dialect, this analysis offers valuable insights into Persian literary heritage. The study emphasizes the significance of dialectal preservation in literary analysis and highlights Hazaragi as a repository of classical Persian vocabulary. Method This research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates literary analysis with fieldwork. It follows an observational research design to identify and interpret Sanai’s poetic vocabulary in Hazaragi. Selected poems from Sanai’s Divan were analyzed to extract words and phrases that are obsolete in Standard Persian but still in use in Hazaragi. Data collection included interviews with native Hazaragi speakers from diverse backgrounds to verify the meanings and usage of these words. Additionally, secondary sources, such as Persian linguistic dictionaries and studies on regional dialects, were consulted. Ethical considerations were strictly observed, ensuring participant anonymity and informed consent. Results Findings indicate that many words and expressions from Sanai’s poetry, although largely forgotten in modern Persian, remain actively used in Hazaragi. These linguistic elements can be categorized into four groups: (1) words preserved without alteration, (2) words with slight phonetic changes, (3) words with minor semantic shifts, and (4) structurally evolved compound expressions. Conclusion This research establishes Hazaragi as a crucial linguistic resource for interpreting classical Persian poetry, particularly the works of Sanai. The preservation of archaic words in Hazaragi highlights its significance as both a living dialect and a valuable tool for literary research. The findings suggest that incorporating dialectal studies into Persian literary analysis can enhance textual interpretation. Further research on other regional dialects could provide additional insights into Persian literary heritage. This study reinforces the importance of preserving regional dialects as cultural assets that maintain historical linguistic continuity.

Dialectology is one of the applied branches of linguistic knowledge which deals with scientific, linguistic, sociological and anthropological studies aiming to collect dialects. The local dialect is the main basis and structure of the existence of every nation and race,therefore, the study and the investigation to keep the Naini dialect alive, as part of the culture, tradition, and ritual of the city of Nain, is necessary and important. The research method is descriptive and the information is collected in a library and linguistic way. The data of the research has been collected from the collection of dictionaries, proverbs and edicts and from the people’, s dialect in the Nain city. The Naini dialect is one of the central dialects of Iran and a continuation of the "Midwestern Iranian" language,it has literary originality and an inseparable and fixed connection with the "Sassanid Pahlavi" language. Naini dialect is closely related to its neighbouring dialects such as Ardestani, Varzanei, Badroudi, Zafraei, Natanzi and Zoroastrians of Yazd Province. One of the results of this research is the regularity and organization of this language,So that words are not out of two cases: first, the words which have a special form in this dialect, and their roots must be extracted from the Avestan culture,and secondly, words which are derived from ordinary Persian words, and by changing the movements.

This article surveys passivization in Taleshi dialect. This dialect is common in some areas of the Guilan province. This dialect, i. e Taleshi dialect, is divided into three different branches which are called central, northern and southern Taleshi dialects. The methodology which is used in this research is field and library research. Because the language data are driven through a field study and the author goes into the people and selects thirty native speakers of Sehsar village. These native speakers mostly are forty years old or more; construing that they are not affected by the neighboring dialects which are spoken around them. The author interviews these thirty native speakers of Sehsar, who mostly reside in the village of Sehsar. He records their speech and selects the items which are applicable for the purpose of this research. It should be mentioned here that, the framework and the literature of this article take great advantages of other written works which have appeared before. The dialect which is surveyed here, is of southern type which is spoken in Sehsar village. This dialect is the only means of communication among the people of this village. From linguistic perspective, this dialect has two different case systems which are called nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive case systems. Nominative-accusative case system is the one in which the subjects of the intransitive and transitive verbs behave similarly and these two subjects are not differentiated by any case marker; hence, the object of the transitive verb is different. In an ergative-absolutive case system, it is the reverse, that is, the subject of a transitive verb behaves differently from both the subject of intransitive verb and the object of the transitive verb. In other words, in this case system, the object of a transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb behave similarly. This case is shown by case marker in ergative languages. In Taleshi dialect, ergative case is shown by the case marker <– i >. Regarding these two case systems, this article focuses mainly on how passivization is done in these different systems which are called nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive and both exist in this dialect. Afterwards, based on the evidence gathered in a field study, it is tried to answer these questions as well: Does passivization exist in this dialect which is of southern type? And how it is done in these two different case systems? Do these different case systems apply different methods of passivization, or they apply the same method? Do passivization and ergativity coincide in the same structure? The results of this research, which are obtained after analyzing the language data gathered through a field study, show that passivization exists in this dialect and it is commonly done by omitting the agent from the sentence while the object of the verb moves to the position of the omitted subject and the verb agrees with this dummy subject. In instances of passivization, by omitting the subject, the morpheme <-ina> which means follows the object which occurs in the subject position. The author believes that in this kind of passivization, the emphasis is on the object with which the verb is accomplished and as different morphemes are in action in this process of passivization, he calls this process a complex passivization; but in some cases, the agent is kept, but its position is changed and it attaches the object. Although the subject is kept and it comes after the object, it goes through some changes and represents a third singular or plural pronoun. That is the subject appears as <-ə š > or <– š un>. The choice depends on the context in which they occur. These two morphemes need a past tense and perfect aspect to occur and this context is a prerequisite for occurring the ergative case. Based on what is said, it can be concluded that this type of passivization along with ergativity requires a similar context to occur. The other point is, only in such cases passivization can coincide with ergative-absolutive construction, where the agent is present in the sentence. This finding contradicts thast of Atlamaz (2012) which claims ergativity does not occur in a passive structure, in other words, these two structures do not coincide in a structure. Hence, in cases where the agent is absent, ergative construction is absent too.

Abstract: Scrambling has been investigated syntactically and discursively in different languages so far. The results of this research indicate that scrambling is governed by universal principles and constraints as well as language-specific characteristics (parameters). This research indicates that all kinds of scrambling, namely, short-distance scrambling, long-distance scrambling and multiple scrambling occur in Mazandarani dialect. The fundamental functions of scrambling in discourse change the distribution of theme and rheme and also the distribution of old and new information. The behavior of short-distance scrambling indicates that the movement of constituents in scrambling is subject to discourse principles and information structure, but scrambled constituents in the long-distance scrambling are dependent on syntactic factors and minimalistic principles in addition to discourse principles. In other words, we observed that there is an interface between discourse and syntax, especially minimalism, and there is congruence between the results of this research and achievements of linguists in different linguistic modules. Investigation of the syntactic and discursive behaviors of scrambling in Mazandarani dialect is the main purpose of this research.

Katouli is regarded as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language that in addition to some differences in words, is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit construction and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. In the present study, verbal stem, personal ending and constructions, infinitive, subject and object adjectives as well as active and passive forms have been investigated in Katouli dialect. In this dialect, verb is based on the past and present stems. The present verb has indicative, subjunctive and continuous constructions, and the preterit verb also has simple, continuous, progressive, present perfect, subjunctive and past perfect constructions. In Katouli dialect, the passive form also is not common as it exists in Persian language and the informants prefer using the active structure. The main characteristics of the verb in Katouli dialect which is important in language studies include: lack of present perfect tense as it is common in Persian and using simple past instead of it, not using prefix in present indicative verb construction, using the past stem of kœrd in past continuous construction and some other characteristics which are mentioned in this paper. Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Aliabad-e-Katul is a city of the Golestan Province located in the range of Hyrcanian forests and Alborz mountains, with the height of 140 m above the Caspian Sea level. This city is restricted to Turkmen plain from the north, Fenderesk from the east, Malek from the west and the mountains covered with Alborz forest from the south. Katuli, as a dialect of Mazandarani language is of great antiquity and many expressions, words and verbs are still alive in this dialect. Despite the importance of Katuli as a dialect of Mazandarani language with high archaism, little is known about its different aspects of phonetics, morphophonemics and grammar. Therefore, considering the role of this dialect in preserving the old culture of Katul’s people, the study of verb in Katuli dialect was conducted in the present study. 2. Theoretical framework New Iranian languages that appeared in different parts after Islamic conquest of Iran, are categorized as east, west, and central groups. The west Iranian languages and dialects are divided into two categories of northwest and southwest Iranian languages. The languages and dialects which are similar to the middle Persian and Parthian languages in historical changes, are located in southwest group and northwest groups, respectively. The Caspian language and dialects are categorized in northwest group, and include Mazandarani, Gilaki and Taleshi. The geographical range of Mazandarani language is not in accordance with the current border of Mazandaran Province in the country so that it is extended to the Gorgan plain in the east and continues to the Chalous River in the west. The interesting point is that Mazandarani language continues to around Gorgan, is stopped in Gorgan and the villages in its west parts and then is spoken in Aliabad-e-Katul and its villages. Therefore, Katuli could be considered as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language. In addition to some differences in words, the Katuli dialect is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. 3. Methodology In the present study, construction and some characteristics of verb was investigated in Katuli dialect. The data were collected based on field and intuitive research. For this, interview was conducted with more than 30 speakers in the age groups of 25 to 80 years old (man and woman, educated and uneducated) from Aliabad-e-Katul and surrounding villages, and the information were recorded. Moreover, the available resources, including articles and books, about Mazandarani and its dialects, were also studied. 4. Results & discussion In Katuli dialect, past and present stem is derived from the old Iranian language and differentiated via especial phonetic processes. In this dialect, infinitive suffix are /-en/and /-an/ that added at the end of past stem. Personal endings used in present indicative and subjunctive are various based on present stem. Present continuous also derived from the new Persian and is constructed by present stem for auxiliary verb of (dār) and present stem for main verb with personal ending of present indicative. Like Persian, there is no personal ending for the third-person singular of past verb in Katuli dialect. In a special case in first person of negative form for simple past of the verb “going”, older people especially in rural places use the verb “našīm” (the stem /-šī/) while the youngers use the verb nōardēm (the stem /-ar/). The past continuous is also formed by past stem of the related verb with the past form of the auxiliary verb (kœrd). In Katuli, there is no past perfect form as it is usual in Persian, but instead, the speakers use simple past like informal Persian. The past subjunctive is also formed by object adjective of main verb with present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb (būdan). The present indicative for the auxiliary verb (xāstan) with the present subjunctive of main verb are used for future construction. In Katuli dialect, the passive form of the verb is not common as it is in Persian, and speakers usually tend to use active verb. However, passive structure could be used for different verb tenses in this dialect but it is not common for past subjunctive. In the case of transitive and intransitive constructions, four cases could be considered: 1) inchoative verb is the base and causative is derived from it, 2) both verbs are not derived from each other but differentiated through auxiliary verb, 3) the verbal stems are different, 4) both verbs have the same form. The enclitics of /-em/, /-i/, /-e/, /-im/, /-in/ and /-en/ are used for enclitic construction. [va-], [dar-] and [var-] are also the main and mostly used verbal prefixes in this dialect. 5. Conclusions & suggestions In the present study, verb construction and some verbal attributes were investigated in Katuli as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language. In this dialect, both past and present stems are used in construction of all verbal groups, have the same root. In Katuli dialect, simple past is used instead of past perfect in verbal construction which could be distinguished through the application and emphasis. Unlike Persian, no prefix is used to present indicative construction in Katuli dialect. Another interesting point in Katuli dialect is that the speakers tend to use active form of the verb. Overall, the results from this study indicates that Katuli has some differences with other dialects of Mazandarani in some aspects of verb construction including infinitive suffix and past continuous. With respect to the limit number of Katuli speakers and increasing trend to the new Persian, Katuli is in threat of being forgotten like many other Iranian dialects. Therefore, such studies could be useful to preserve and maintain Iranian endangered dialects.

This research studies and describes the verbal system of Kondazi Dialect. Kondazi is a mountainous village in the subdistrict of Abarj in the western north of Marvdasht city. Kondazi dialect is actually a survived dialect of Sassanid Pahlavi/ Middle Persian and belongs to the south-western branch of New Iranian Languages. There are some similarities between Kondazi dialect and Emamzadeh-esmaeili, Dashtaki, Khollari, Qalati, Ardakani, Davani, Dashti and the dialects of Larestani language, Kohmare regions and some other dialects which have ergative structure. This research studies the infinitive construction, present and past stems, past participle, verb endings in present and past tenses, clitics, tense. The method of this study is mostly a field research and in few parts based on a library research. The data was collected by recording the free speech, conversations, interviews of 16 males and 4 females of elders, middle aged illiterate and literate of native speakers. The conclusions of this research can shed light on Iranian studies, typology of Iranian languages and ethnology.

The verbal system of Kalāsuri dialect has some peculiarities and characteristics that put it in contrast with Persian language and other Iranian southwestern dialects. In some cases, they, even, make it distinct from relative dialects such as Harzani, Tāleshi, Tākestani, Chālestani, Eshthārdi, Sagzāri, etc. The above mentioned dialects constitute the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages which are probably all descended from ancient Āzari. Some of these characteristics that seem to be important in language studies could be mentioned here: firstly, in the verb system of this dialect, the present stem has been subjected to gradual decline and accordingly some present verb forms are constructed from past stem. Secondly, the indicative present and past progressive are constructed from infinitive. Thirdly, the intransitive simple past and present perfect are the same in form, but they are just distinguished by accent, and finally the present participle is used as future stem. These issues and some other peculiarities would be discussed in this article in detail f the »C«prescription over the other three versions. Considering the kinship probability of the prescriptions »Hat«, »Kar«, »Mi«, the readings that are selected based on the text sameness of these prescriptions are problematic.

Dalyni dialect is one of the dialects which is now prevalent in Dalin village in south-west of Iran. This village is located in the province of Fars between Shiraz and Sepidan. Dalyni dialect is a component of the Iranian branch of the New West. This article describes the structure of verb in the Dalyni dialect. The Linguistic material of this Research collected in the summer of 2012 among residents of the village and especially Raeisi and Asadi dalyni family. In this paper, some topics are presented as construction of the past and present Infinitive and participle construction, Current connectives different aspects of verb usage including tens, and Construction of the passive verb, Structure of verbs is different in this dialect and original Persian For instance the way for making verb in different tenses, Inflection, ID adhere to verb, auxiliary verbs and others Which will be discussed in detail in this article. Most of the dialects of Fars and Bushehr provinces belong to the group of languages of southwestern Iran. In some of these dialects, an important feature, such as the construction of the ergative, which is historically a continuation of the evolving form of the unknown construction of the ancient period, in transitive past tenses versus past tenses, which is itself a remnant of Middle Persian, instead The rest. The similarity between verbs in Dalyni and Persian is very little, which make this dialect very specific and attractive. In this dialect, for construction of different tenses of verb, there is specific grammar points and also we face some exceptions for some specific verb which it shows delicacy and nicety of Daliny dialect in verb construction.